What are the four exemptions that allowed warrantless seizure of people?

• A. Exigent circumstances, consent
• B. Exigent circumstances, consent, arrest in public, and border seizure at a port of entry
• C. Exigent circumstances, consent, arrest in public, border seizure
• D. Exigent circumstances, consent, arrest in public, port of entry and border seizure

Answer: (D)

The idea being tested is that there are specific exceptions to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement that allow warrantless seizure of a person. The full set commonly taught includes five exemptions: exigent circumstances, consent, arrest in public, at a port of entry, and border seizure. Exigent circumstances cover urgent cases where immediate action is needed to prevent danger, flight, or destruction of evidence. Consent means the person freely agrees to be seized or searched. Arrest in public refers to seizing someone in a public place when there is probable cause. At a port of entry is a border enforcement exception allowing searches and seizures without a warrant at border crossing points. Border seizure reflects the broader border-search authority that applies to the general area at the border, also without a warrant. The option that lists both port of entry and border seizure along with the other three exemptions best reflects the full set, making it the correct choice because it encompasses all the allowed warrantless seizure scenarios.